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SACRIFICE: This wonderful word is from two Latin words: sacer which means holy or sacred, and facere which means to make. Thus, to sacrifice is to make holy, which, from a seeker’s point of view, means to recognize as God’s what is God’s. As I see it, then, a seeker’s function is to sacrifice his or her life (including everyone and everything “in” it); that is, recognize it as God’s, and give it to God. This supreme sacrifice is an ongoing process only because we are unable (unwilling) to do it all at once, choosing instead to hold back a little of this and some of that. Finally (happily), we realize that, (1) God being all there is, it is impossible to lose anything, (2) the more we give to God, the more we have ourselves, and (3) when we truly release our lives to God (whose they always are and were anyway), we are free to enjoy them. From the separative ego’s point of view (“I am me and you aren’t”), the process of sacrifice always incurs loss (even if for a “good cause”), because, as the separative ego perceives it, “what is mine is mine, and what I give to God is no longer mine”.
SADHANA: This Sanskrit word refers to the entirety of a seeker’s path — all the practices, the postures, the language, the clothing, the diet, and so on which, taken together, comprise the path or the way each of us has chosen (or, perhaps, by which each of us has been chosen). Thus, in the spiritual context, the expression “Walking the walk” means, following one’s sadhana with honesty, devotion, determination, thoroughness, earnestness, enthusiasm, and joy.
SAI BABA: Known as Sri Sathya (sometimes Satya, a Sanskrit word meaning “truth”, as in The Real Truth) Sai (a Persian word sometimes associated with Sufism, meaning “poor one” and used as a term of respect and affection for a Teacher or Saint) Baba, Sai Baba was born in India in 1926. Sai Baba died in 2011. He is perhaps best known in the West for his ability to exercise extraordinary powers and produce unusual (to put it mildly) phenomena, among which are healings, bilocation, teleportation, levitation, precognition, and materializations (of all kinds). Sai Baba’s followers consider him to be an avatar. Sai Baba (sai is a Muslim term meaning saint and baba is a Hindi term of affection) lived in Puttaparti, India at his spiritual community (ashram), called Prashanti Nilayam (“Abode of Great Peace”). See also the essay about him at TZF’s Open Space. Sai Baba is named after, and considered to be a reincarnation of, Sai Baba of Shirdi, one of India’s greatest Teachers, who died in 1918; for more about him, please click here. Allegations of serious misconduct have been made concerning Sai Baba. For information about that, please visit http://www.rickross.com/groups/saibaba.html and http://www.exbaba.com/. For a few book titles about him, please click here.
SAINT: Usually abbreviated S. or St. (or, for women, sometimes Ste.), saint is from a Latin word meaning holy, and commonly refers to someone who is considered to be of great holiness, benevolence, and/or virtue; in short, a model of excellence or perfection. Specifically in Roman Catholicism, a saint is a person officially recognized after death as being entitled to public veneration and capable of interceding for people on earth. The process by which the Church in Rome determines sainthood is called canonization, and normally requires, besides evidence of an exemplary life, proof of three miracles attributed to the candidate for sainthood. (A movie we enjoy in which canonization plays a central role is The Third Miracle.) Although the term appears in other spiritual traditions, I am not aware of any other specific procedure for determining sainthood. In the Old Testament, the word saint is sometimes applied to persons who are considered to be particularly faithful to the covenant with God (about which see Genesis 12:1-3, Genesis 15, Exodus 19:5-6, and others); thus, at Psalms 31:23, “Love the Lord, all you his saints!” The word seems to appear in the Gospels only once, at Matthew 27:52, where it is said that at the crucifixion “tombs were opened, and the bodies of sleeping saints came back to life”. Elsewhere in the New Testament, the term seems to be used simply to differentiate between believers and non-believers. My own experience and reading of the lives and works and words of “saints” in various traditions suggests that many are indeed excellent models for seekers, but that as a label “sainthood” is not necessarily synonymous with Self-Realized.
SAMSARA & NIRVANA: In Buddhism, samsara is the process of coming into being as (or seeming to be) a differentiated, separate and separative human being. In Hinduism, samsara is the endless cycle of birth and death to which all beings are subject. Thus, in both instances, samsara is the human egoic condition marked or shaped by the conviction that “I am me, and you aren’t”, and is itself a product of (or the manifestation of) our ignorance of our True Identity. The “opposite” of samsara is nirvana (sometimes nibbana), the “natural” state marked by complete illumination and liberation from all worldly characteristics or conditions, and the goal of virtually all spiritual traditions. See Self-Realization. See also maya.
SAMSKARA, VASANA: Samskara refers to patterns in our consciousness
which define, determine, and inform our current condition, our personality. In a reincarnation sense, we inherit some of these from and through previous lives; others are generated in our current life; all are conditioned by our actions, which in turn shape our future lives. Vasana is self-limiting mental conditioning. From Vasistha’s Yoga This body … seems to exist on account of vasana.
I am not sure of the precise relationship between these two Sanskrit words. See also karma.
SANNYASIN & SADHU: Both
are words used in Hinduism for a holy person or monk, someone who has renounced
attachment to the world in a search for spiritual liberation or realization. SANNYASA, sometimes SANYASA, is renunciation of the conviction I am me, and you aren’t; what is mine is not yours
that defines the egoic personality and the reality we live in. Sannyasa sees God in all beings and things, and all beings and things in God. It cannot be forced or commanded. It needs to be embraced, reached for, asserted with enthusiasm, meditated upon. And it will appear. See Seeker, Veil.
SANSKRIT is an ancient language of India in which the traditions of the region were spoken and written. It dates to nearly 2000 BCE. Sanskrit is the language of the classical texts of Hinduism and Buddhism and other traditions. There are a lot of Sanskrit words on The Zoo Fence (even on this page!), and the reason for that is, to my ears, they get it. Are there sometimes better, clearer English words? Undoubtedly. I am no expert, not a student of South Asian culture, or for that matter of theism. I judge only from my own personal experience. To me, the original Sanskrit-ers (?) say it, describe it, word it, like it is.
SATCHIDANANDA: Composed of the three words sat (Eternal and Changeless Being or Existence), chit (Consciousness), and ananda (Bliss Absolute), Satchidananda is a name of the nameless and un-nameable, infinite and eternal, everpresent and omnipresent One. See God.
SATORI, MOKSHA, SAMADHI: Satori is
a Japanese word used in Zen Buddhism for the
phenomenon of Sudden Awakening, that Place where the distinction between Experiencer
and experience, Knower and known, is erased, and the separative sense of personal
self (”I am me, and you aren’t”) is extinguished. MOKSHA is
a Sanskrit word meaning liberation from all bonds (including the desire for
liberation ... or for anything else!) through Union with God or Realization
of the Self. Moksha is liberation from karma,
from the cycle of life and death, from the separative perspective “I am
me, and you aren’t”. SAMADHI, also Sanskrit, is a state of consciousness
which appears at various levels, all of which are beyond thought or mental activity. Vasistha’s Yoga says … one should water the seed of samadhi or meditation by means of hearing, reflecting on and contemplating the scriptures which bring about total inner emptiness and which are full of wisdom, pure and cool like nectar.
See
also Self-Realization, Nirvana, Kensho.
SATSANG & DARSHAN & BARAKA: I am not entirely clear about the meanings and appropriate applications of these powerful Sanskrit concepts. Darshan (sometimes darshana or darsana or darsan) means “view or sight”, and is about receiving a blessing or being purified simply as a result of paying respect to or being seen by a holy person or a holy site, either directly — that is, physically in person, or indirectly — by reading a book by or about, dreaming of, meditating upon, remembering, calling upon, loving, a holy person, a Teacher. I have seen Darshan used as a synonym for Grace. Satsang (sometimes satsanga or sat-sanga) is derived from two words that mean “being in the company of the true.” Here, simply being in the presence of one who has realized the Self propels a seeker along his or her inner journey. As I see it, if the One is Infinite, then we are all always “in the sight of” and “in the company of” the Real. There being no “where” else, where else could we be? (For more on this idea, please see The Simple Way.) So, presumably, to the extent that a seeker is able to recognize the One (God) in everyone and everything always (or at least is earnestly aspiring to do so), he or she will be constantly enjoying the fruits of darshan and satsang. That said, my experience is that time spent in the presence of a Teacher – in the flesh, in a book, in meditation – is time spent best. Nisargadatta, in I Am That, refers to satsang as “company of the truly good,” and when told “Generally one cannot find such friendship,” he replies, “Seek within. Your own self is your best friend.” Baraka is the power or capability or willingness or inevitable character of a Teacher that makes or renders Her or Him able to offer, bestow, or broadcast Darshan. See Grace. For Ramana Maharshi’s take on darshan, see here. See Sannyasa.
SELF-REALIZATION, REMEMBERING, AWARENESS, BORN AGAIN, ENLIGHTENMENT: Read this first. Like Truth, God, and similar words, these are impossible terms to define precisely because the function of definition is to set the limits or boundaries of a thing so that the separative egoic mind (”I am me, and you aren’t”) can grasp it, and, by definition, all of these terms are about a condition or a place or a phenomenon (word?) that is beyond all limits and boundaries, and that is specifically beyond the reach of the mind. As I understand them, all of these words (and there are others) say the same thing. Thus, for example, Self-Realization is Realization of the Self (the Supreme I than which there is no other) by It Self. And in or at Self-Realization there is no “realizer who realizes something” (as in, “I realize today is Thursday”). In fact, the very absence of that duality is itself Self-Realization (compare, “I Realize I Am Thursday”). Just so, Self-Realization (and the “condition” inherent to all of these words) is thoroughly non-dual; so non-dual, it is not even non-dual, for even “non-dual” implies the existence somewhere of something else (duality) which it is not, and in Self-Realization there is no such implication.
Further, Self-Realization, like all of these terms, is not achieved. Self-Realization is the Priorly and Always True, Perfectly Natural and Naturally Perfect, Infinite and Eternal State of What Is. As such, it is not properly a goal in that a goal is something not had or a somewhere not here, although virtually all seekers, including me, consider it such, and understandably, because as seekers we think we need a reason to seek! Likewise, it is inaccurate to describe Teachers as Self-Realized, although most seekers, again including me, do so, because at Self-Realization there is no such thing as “a Teacher” precisely because at Self-Realization there is no such thing as a person or a anything else. There whatever is, is simply, wholly, effortlessly, and spontaneously Whatever Is. Equally, of course, at Self-Realization there is no such thing as “not self-realized”! In the end, to understand Self-Realization you have to Be There (or, rather, Be Here), but when you’re there you realize you aren’t you (and never were) and you aren’t there (anywhere) and you certainly aren’t “Self-Realized”. You simply are. Or so the Self-Realized Teachers tell us. See also here.
Two of the most concise and clearest expressions of Self-Realization I have come across are, by Nisargadatta “There is no such thing as a person” and by Ibn ’Arabi “Thou art not thou, thou art He without thou”. At TZF, Self-Realization is often considered as Remembering Who We Are. This, too, is misleading because it suggests a “rememberer” who remembers “something” that has been “forgotten”. But I like it because it reminds us as seekers that Self-Realization is already True. (Thus, my failure to “remember” What I Am has no effect whatsoever upon what I am, only upon what I seem to myself to be.)
Here it is, in a few words by Ramana Maharshi: “There is no such thing as realising the Self. How is one to realise or make real what is real? People all ‘realise’ or regard as real what is unreal, and all they have to do is to give up doing so. When you do that, you will remain as you always are, and the Real will be Real. It is only to help people give up regarding the unreal as real that all the religions and practices taught by them have come into being.” (The Teachings of Ramana Maharshi, page 124)
And, again, Nisargadatta: “You have brought in duality where there is none. There is the body, and there is the Self. Between them is the mind, in which the Self is reflected as ‘I am’. Because of the imperfections of the mind, its crudity and restlessness, lack of discernment and insight, it takes itself to be the body, not the Self. All that is needed is to purify the mind so that it can realize its identity with the Self.” (I Am That, chapter 58)
Every spiritual tradition has its own words to describe Self-Realization, of course, among them (although not necessarily precisely synonymous) are Awakening, Awareness, Enlightenment, Buddhahood, Christ Consciousness, Liberation, Moksha, Nirvana, Samadhi, and Satori.
Born Again, as I perceive it, is another of these; a synonym of Self-Realization, and a particularly apt expression of this phenomenon. Consider John 3: “Except a man be born again, he cannot see the kingdom of God. … That which is born of the flesh is flesh, and that which is born of the Spirit is spirit. Do not marvel that I said to you, ‘You must be born again.’ The wind blows where it wishes, and you hear its sound, but you do not know where it comes from or where it goes. So it is with everyone who is born of the Spirit.” As I understand John, to be Born Again is not a decision, not an achievement, not something we do; like Self-Realization it is an occurrence, a happening, something God does to us. “You do not know where it comes from.”
See also here. See also Christ, Buddha, Teacher. See too my consideration of Reality & Truth and Portrait of A Landscape, specifically here, and the Crucifixion … and here.
SHAKTI, SHAKTIPAT, SHIVA, SIVA, BRAHMAN, ISHWARA: In the Hindu tradition, the Supreme and Its attributes are sometimes expressed as a variety of gods and goddesses. And there are so many, and their territories so apparently overlapping, that it can be difficult to keep them straight. Nonetheless, the appearance of many divinities is only that, an appearance. The primary Female Principle is Shakti (also Sakti), known too as Kali, Durga, and by other names. She is a personification of cosmic or primal energy. Shakti is Mother, without whom there can be, and there is, no person, no thing, no who, no what, no when, and no where. In my experience, consideration of Shakti, Mother, is always safe harbor. SHAKTIPAT is Shakti’s Divine Energy, transmitted by Her in any manner She chooses, through any person, any thing, any whatever She chooses, to whomever She chooses, whenever She chooses. It is commonly taught that Shaktipat is transmitted from a Realized Teacher or Guru to a disciple or devotee by His or Her actual presence, or a word, a look, a touch, a thought, a dream, a book, a Mantra. But — and this is important — please do not let anything written here suggest there are any limits to how Shakti can transmit Her Divine Energy to you. There are none. Compare Grace. Shakti’s consort, SHIVA (also Siva), known as well by other names, is the oldest of the Vedic gods, and is sometimes expressed as one-third of a trinity, sometimes as the whole of it. The dance of Shiva and Shakti represents the delicate marriage or balance of male and female between and within everything. Thus, whatever is male, is female, whatever is female, is male. In Oriental imagery, this indissoluble, ineffable union is expressed by the concepts of yin (feminine) and yang (masculine), and in the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition, this idea is stated, “Have you not read that the One who made them at the beginning ‘made them male and female’, and … therefore what God has joined together, let no one separate,” (Matthew 19.4-6 IV). See also here. BRAHMAN (not to be confused with Brahma, who is God as Creator) is the Absolute Non-Dual Reality. Brahman is utterly without attributes or characteristics of any kind. Brahman is, quite simply, Beyond. ISHWARA (sometimes Ishvara) is Brahman with attributes, a personal God of the world. In Vivekananda’s words, “Ishvara is the supreme interpretation of the Absolute by human thought”. See also God, Mother, Prakriti.
SHAMAN, SHAMANISN: In traditional societies, a shaman is a person who, usually in an altered state of consciousness, acts as an intermediary between the natural and supernatural worlds to predict and control the future, cure illness, generate miracles, and the like. Originally applied to societies in Siberia and Central Asia, the term now is used to refer to various kinds of healers, medicine men & women, witch doctors, mystics, priests, magicians, sorcerers, diviners, and so on, in any part of the world.
SHANKARA: Sometimes Sankara, Samkara, Shamkara, or Shankaracharya, Shankara (788-820) is one of India’s greatest Teachers, particularly of the principle that the manifested universe, we ourselves, whatever else, and God are all Identically One and the Same One, that there is One and Only One, and no thing else. Thus, what you and I each call “me” and “my life”, and everything prompted by and related to them — all our actions, reactions, notions, opinions, beliefs, and so on — are simply a mistaken perception, an utter misunderstanding, of What Is, the Very One Itself than which there is no other. Shankara’s best known and most powerful illustration of this fundamental reality is a length of rope mistaken in the darkness for a snake. The “snake” exists only in our mind, and is created entirely by our own imagination (we impose the thought “snake” upon something, a piece of rope, that has nothing whatsoever to do with snakes); still, it induces real fear, even as if it really were what we take it for, a snake. Then, when we see it in the light as never having been a snake but simply, priorly and always, a length of rope, our fear is gone, never to return. (Compare Whoso Knoweth Himself by ’Ibn Arabi, and too the Shema.) For a few book titles about Shankara, please click here. See also here.
SHEMA: Meaning “Hear you” in Hebrew, this is the first word and the irresistible focus of the central prayer of Judaism, affirming the One-ness of God. Traditionally, it consists of several scriptural passages, including principally Deuteronomy 6:4-9 (”Hear you, Israel, Yahweh our God, Yahweh is One” — see here), and also Deuteronomy 11:13-21, Numbers 15:37-41, and perhaps others. When asked to name the commandment that is “first of all”, Issa (Jesus) cited the Shema (Mark 12:29). Compare Deut. 6:8 that the Shema be “as frontlets between your eyes” (RSV, translated by REB as “a pendant on your forehead”) with the Hindu practice of placing a mark (with paint or ashes) or other decoration on the forehead between the eyes. Random House dictionary defines frontlet as “a decorative band, ribbon, or the like, worn across the forehead”. In Judaism, at certain times, men strap to their forehead a small, black leather box containing a slip of paper on which is written the Shema. Also, on the doorpost of Jewish homes there might be placed a small case (called MEZUZAH) in which is kept the Shema. See also mantra.
SIDDHI, GIFTS OF THE SPIRIT: Miraculous, occult, or “supernatural” powers may come to a seeker along the way, either spontaneously or intentionally (by following specific practices). Siddhi is the Sanskrit word for such. Among these powers are various forms of ESP (extrasensory perception), such as mind-reading and clairvoyance, as well as healing, levitation, teleportation, prophesy, and so on. However wondrous they may seem (and they are all of that!), all of these pertain to the so-called natural world. Thus, for those reaching beyond the limitations of that perspective, these powers can be confusing and distracting. Most Teachers agree they are not to be sought after, and they are not a measure of Realization (thus the saying, “All saints are healers, but not all healers are saints.”). And so, if/when they appear, we are urged to welcome them, be grateful, and walk on. In the Christian tradition, such powers are referred to as “gifts of the Spirit” — there examples are the Gospels stories of the loaves and fishes at John 6:1-14, healing at John 9, raising the dead at Luke 7:14. See also 1 Corinthians 12, 13, & 14, Romans 12:6, and others. See Siddhi of Annapurna.
SOGYAL RINPOCHE: Since the Chinese occupation of his native Tibet, Sogyal Rinpoche has lived in Sikkim, India, and England. He is founder of the Rigpa Foundation, with centers in numerous countries. His extraordinary book, The Tibetan Book of Living and Dying, is already a classic, and deservedly so. There is a list of his other titles here. In Tibetan Buddhism, Rinpoche, meaning “the precious one”, is a title given to a spiritual master.
SPIRITUAL TRADITION: See religion
SRI, SWAMI, MAHARAJ, MAHARSHI, PANDIT, PIR, SHAYKH, WALI: The word Sri (sometimes shree or shri) is a Sanskrit term of respect used as a title (like mister in English) before the names of people (men and women, except srimati for married women), deities, and some things, even some places (for example, Sri Lanka). Swami (sometimes svami), Sanskrit for master or owner, is a title of respect used in conjunction with the name of a spiritual teacher or other holy person. Pandit (sometimes pundit), a Sanskrit term meaning scholar, is an honorific bestowed on one who is recognized as an authority on a particular subject. Maharaj, maharaja or maharajah (female maharani) means great king or great prince, and is a term of respect. The Arabic word Shaykh (sometimes Sheikh) or, for a woman, Shaykha, means “elder” or “master”, and is likewise used to show respect for a Teacher. Pir is a similar word in Persian. In Islam, a holy person is sometimes referred to as a “Friend of God” (in Arabic “Wali Allah”) or simply “A Friend.” Maharshi, also Maharishi, a Sanskrit word meaning “Great Seer,” is a title of respect and devotion for a Teacher. See also Bhagavan, Guru, Teacher, Baba, and Ji. See also Maharajji.
STIGMATA: Marks resembling the wounds received by Issa (Jesus): At the feet and hands from the nails (although some scholars suggest crucifixion victims were more likely nailed through the lower legs and wrists); on the side from the spear; and on the brow from the crown of thorns. In certain persons, and for no apparent external reason or cause, some or all of the wounds appear spontaneously. They do not close or heal; neither do they get infected or pose other medical complications. Usually bleeding is periodic rather than constant, often on holy days associated with the crucifixion. Perhaps the best known stigmatist was Francis of Assisi, although there have been hundreds of others. The most recent I am aware of is Padre Pio. For books about this phenomenon, please click here. (In Reluctant Saint, an excellent biography of Francis of Assisi, Donald Spoto argues convincingly that the stigmata traditionally attributed to Francis can be otherwise explained.)
SUFI: Commonly considered to be the mystical element in Islam, Sufism almost certainly predates the Prophet Mohammed, and may be impossible to locate precisely or even to define. In the words of Idries Shah (see the penultimate sentence here), “Though commonly mistaken for a Moslem sect, the Sufis are at home in all religions … Nor are the Sufis a sect, being bound by no religious dogma however tenuous, and using no regular place of worship. They have no sacred city, no monastic organization, no religious instruments.” To be sure, there are Teachers and Saints who are described as Sufis (sometimes referred to as Perfect Persons or, in Islam, as Wali), and one reads and hears about such things as “the Sufi Way.” That said, my impression is that Sufis avoid labels, preferring to describe themselves as, in the words of one such, “we friends” (again, see wali) or “people like us.” As I read them, Sufis make no claims, either about themselves or their beliefs, and certainly not about having, much less owning, a unique sense of Truth or Righteousness or God. Their focus, their commitment, seems to be simply (not to be confused with easily) to live an honest, fair, and open life defined by love. Whatever Sufism is, I have never come across anyone or anything related to it that is not beautiful, inspiring, and spiritually nourishing. For more, please consider “The Sufis” by Idries Shah; for other book titles, click here. See also The Threshold Society. See Mysticism.
RABINDRANATH TAGORE: Tagore (1861-1941), sometimes Thakur, is one of India’s and the world’s greatest poets and writers. His best known work is probably Gitanjali which features conversations between God (as Vishnu) and the human soul. For a brief excerpt, please see here; for the full text, see here. Tagore was awarded the Nobel prize for literature in 1913. For book titles, click here .
TEACHER: In The Zoo Fence, the word
Teacher with a capital T signifies one who has Realized the
True Nature of the Self. Every tradition has
its own word or words for this state or condition, of course; among them: an
enlightened, liberated or awakened one; one who is Self-Realized or God-Realized;
one who has achieved Buddhahood or Christ Consciousness; a Realizer, a Master,
an Adept. And there are other words in other languages. At John 13:13 Jesus (Issa) says You call me Teacher and Master, and you are right, for so I am.
That sounds to me like something a Guru would say. In TZF I use some of those various labels,
but generally speaking, when I am referring to that sublime position
in or beyond ordinary consciousness which ultimately cannot be named, labeled, or defined,
I use Teacher. Conversely, a teacher with a lower case T is someone who has
seen the Light but who does not as yet Know It to be himself or herself. In
a word, an advanced seeker. Admittedly, this is sometimes
a difficult line to draw, and, in the end, it is probably a false distinction.
After all, if God is all there is, then God is at once the Teacher, the teacher,
and the seeker, constantly shifting positions on an infinite spectrum of Awareness.
Thus, in the final analysis, when I use the word Teacher, I mean God.
It’s a little like a solar eclipse, whose nature and appearance, even existence,
depends on where you are looking from! See also Guru, Self-Realized, Buddha, Christ.
UNIVERSE: As I use it, the word Universe with an upper case U signifies everything there is. Ultimately, it is a synonym for God (but then, as God is infinite, what isn’t?). Universe with a lower case u refers to the astronomical universe, or stuff. See also here and here.
Most recent update: November 20, 2024
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